1. Beneath The Pyramids Andrew Collins Pdf Files

3.6 The Bat Creek Stone, excavated in Tennessee in 1889, measures about 5 inches long and 2 inches wide, and is inscribed with eight palaeo-Hebrew characters from about the 1st or 2nd century AD. The Grave Creek Stone is an oval sandstone tablet 4.8 cm wide and 3.6 cm high, excavated in 1838 at a depth of 60 feet from West Virginia’s Grave Creek Mound, together with a skeleton and copper arm rings. In 1922 a farmer working his field near Morristown, Tennessee, ploughed up a stone similar in size to the Grave Creek tablet, covered with the same inscription. Since then, two more stones – one in Ohio county, and the other near Braxton Creek, West Virginia – have been found which bear identical characters. The text may represent a form of palaeo-Hebrew dating from around 250 BC. 3.7 Cast of the Grave Creek Stone.

Jan 20, 2006. The document records that the two explored the caves for a distance of 'several hundred yards,' coming upon four large chambers from which. By Andrew Collins. Introduction: Beneath the pyramids of Egypt lies a lost underworld of catacombs, hewn chambers, and cave tunnels. They are alluded to in. Collins continues with the Cygnus-Giza connection in a subsequent offering, Beneath the Pyramids. His core idea is that there existed in ancient times a World Map based on the the Cygnus constellation, echoing some of Andrew Collins' work. Included on his site is an. Page 6 of a pdf file(h) will give you more details.

Egyptians In 1976 nicotine was found in the mummified body of Egyptian pharaoh Rameses II (ruled 1279-1213 BC), and also in the mummy wrappings. In 1992 an examination of nine Egyptian mummies in the Munich Museum, dated approximately 1070 BC - 395 AD, found cocaine and hashish in all nine, and nicotine in the hair, soft tissue, and bones of eight. Since then 3000 similar tests have been carried out on other preserved bodies, between 800 and 7000 years old, from countries such as Germany, China, Sudan and Egypt.

Many of these samples have shown the presence of nicotine and/or cocaine. The coca leaf is native only to the Americas, and its presence in Egyptian mummies points to trading contact between the two continents. The tobacco plant is likewise indigenous to the Americas, but a wild form of tobacco also grows in parts of Africa. The words for tobacco smoking are similar on both continents, suggesting that, before the age of Columbus, either American visitors brought the tobacco plant to Africa or African visitors brought it to the Americas. In America the two oldest smoking pipes so far found were discovered in Brazil and Louisiana and date from about 1500 BC, just 300 years before stone smoking pipes appeared in northern Syria. As for hashish/marijuana, it originated in Central Asia. An ear of maize (known as ‘corn’ in America) and a pineapple have been identified on a mural from Hatshepsut’s temple at Deir el Bahri – both are typically regarded as New World plants.

Nearly a hundred years ago Muslim field workers found maize kernels in an Egyptian sarcophagus, prompting a French plant historian to accuse the Arabs of trying to confuse Western historians! Egyptian hieroglyphs have been found on ancient ruins in southern Chile near the Atlantic coast, a stone carving of a griffin-sphinx was found near Cuzco in Peru, and a statuette of the goddess Isis and one of an unknown pharaoh have been excavated near San Salvador. During Hatshepsut’s reign, expeditions were sent to the Land of Punt.

The first reported voyage to this region was organized by pharaoh Sahure around 2480 BC. Gunnar Thompson argues that Punt was a Phoenician trading base near the equator on the American mainland. The New World was a major source of copper, which is found mainly in the Andes in Peru and Isle Royale in Lake Superior.

Paul Gallez argued that the Land of Punt was the Puno region of Peru, on the shores of Lake Titicaca, where there are many old gold and antimony mines – metals that were brought back from Punt. The reed boats used on Lake Titicaca are almost identical to those used in ancient Egypt. 3.8 Egyptian statuettes found in El Salvador. As already mentioned, Barry Fell uncovered evidence for an ancient Egyptian influence on certain Native American languages. In the early 20th century a ritual grave object was found in an ancient burial mound in Libertyville, Illinois, that appears to have been made during the 26th (Saite) dynasty in Egypt, which began around 685 BC. The well-crafted object stands 9 inches high and is made of soapstone. It portrays a man wrapped in a kind of bodystocking, holding a shepherd’s crook in his left hand and a flail in his right hand.

3.9 Egyptian statuette found at Libertyville, Illinois. Phoenicians Much of Egypt’s trade was handled by the Phoenicians, who were known in the Old Testament as Canaanites; they lived in Canaan, the ‘land of purple’, a title that translates into Greek as Phoenicia. The name is a reference to the purple dye that the Phoenicians extracted from shellfish.

Shellfish purple was also used in the pre-Columbian New World, from Mexico to Ecuador. As in the Mediterranean, the colour purple was equated with wealth, status and fertility in Mesoamerica and northern South America. Extracting and processing the dye was an extremely laborious process, and the Phoenicians may have introduced it to the New World. After the Spanish had invaded Peru in the 1530s, the Spanish historian Joseph de Acosta became convinced that the Spaniards had found the lost site of King Solomon’s mines. Gunnar Thompson argues that the empty mine shafts they found had been made by the Phoenicians.

The Peruvians gained a portion of the gold extracted in addition to imported metal tools and textiles. They learned the Phoenician secrets of alloying copper and tin to make bronze, and acquired a variety of metal casting techniques for manufacturing weapons and jewellery.

The Phoenicians also left behind a few inscriptions. In 1787 workmen unearthed a hoard of coins in Massachusetts, minted in the 3rd century BC, which bore short inscriptions in Kufic, a script used by the Carthaginians (Phoenicians who settled in the western Mediterranean).

Further early Carthaginian coins have been found in more recent times. In New Hampshire an eastern Mediterranean oil lamp, dated to the 3rd century BC, was found at an Amerindian site, and an ancient Iberian short iron sword blade was uncovered bearing an Iberian inscription. Copper mining Extensive copper mining took place in the Great Lakes region in the remote past. On Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior, some 2000 ancient, open-pit copper mines are to be found, with over 5000 more extending for 1000 miles along the southern shores, on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan. It is thought that mining may have begun as early as the 7th to 5th millennium BC, and that the major period of exploitation occurred between 3000 and 1200 BC. The later Indians, by contrast, were essentially a stone-age culture with few, if any, metal tools.

Estimates of the total amount of copper mined range from 9000 to 680,000 tonnes, whereas all the Indian copper artefacts found in North American burials and caches do not exceed 4.5 tonnes. This suggests that a considerable volume of the high-grade copper was shipped overseas, perhaps to Bronze Age Europe.

The Phoenicians/Egyptians, Minoans, Celts, and Norse could have taken some of the copper. The Smithsonian Institution has a display of a few primitive-looking Indians in loin cloths breaking up copper chunks with rocks. Over 200,000 ancient hammerstones have in fact been discovered. A copper boulder weighing over 2.6 tonnes was found near the shores of Lake Superior, which bore marks showing where chunks had been battered off with hammerstones, but it is not clear how such enormous specimens were extracted and transported. British experts confessed they knew of no methods capable of working boulders weighing 1.8 tonnes or more. Furthermore, although the average mine pit was about 20 feet in diameter and 30 feet deep, in some cases huge trenches 100 feet across were sunk up to 60 feet into solid rock.

Also noteworthy is that the grain size in most of the copper objects indicates that annealing temperatures of 700-800°C or possibly even 1000°C were used – far higher than is necessary to soften the metal for future working. Flora and fauna Extensive research by John Sorenson and Carl Johannessen shows that 98 species of plants (mostly cultivars) were present in both the eastern and western hemispheres prior to Columbus’ first voyage to the Americas. In addition, 21 species of microfauna and 6 larger species of fauna were shared by the ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Worlds. This may also be true of up to 70 other organisms, but further study is required. 4.5 Fruits of Annona squamosa carved on the same balustrade at Bharhut Stupa.

It used to be thought that the kidney bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) was introduced to the New World by the Spaniards. However, specimens of this bean are known at c. 4000 BC in Mexico and before 2000 BC in Peru. It was then decided that Portuguese traders must have brought kidney beans to Asia around 1500 AD. But this is untenable because the kidney bean, the lima bean ( P.

Lunatus), and the phasey bean ( Macroptilium lathyroides/P. Lathyroides) have all been discovered at multiple archaeological sites in India of the 2nd millennium BC. The evidence suggests that all these beans were transferred from the Americas to the Near East or India sometime before 1600 BC. The hookworm ( Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus) was probably carried to South America by voyagers from East Asia or the Pacific islands. The parasite has been found in eastern Brazil in remains about 7200 years old.

Immigrants who slowly travelled to North America via Beringia would have arrived hookworm-free because the cold conditions would have killed the parasite. Other Asian influences According to Hindu tradition, Arjuna, one of the heroes of the Mahabharata, went to Patala (the Antipodes, i.e.

America) 5000 years ago, and married Princess Ulupi, a daughter of Kauravya, the king of the Nagas. ‘Naga’ is Sanskrit for ‘serpent’, a name that (like ‘dragon’) was applied to sages and initiates. The Mexican Indians call their shamans ‘nagals’, several Central American deities and culture-bearers are depicted as feathered serpents (often dragonlike in appearance), there are Snake tribes among the North American Indians, and a gigantic Serpent Mound 420 metres long was constructed by the moundbuilding peoples of ancient Ohio.

The Hindu Puranas and Jatakas describe epic sea voyages reaching as far as Malaysia and Indonesia. And before the 1st century AD, merchants from India were sailing to Siberia in search of gold. A relief carving from Borobudur’s Temple of the Niches in Indonesia shows a three-masted oceangoing galley about 100 feet long. There are Buddhist records of a 5th-century pilgrimage from Sri Lanka to Java on vessels large enough to carry 200 passengers, and it was not unusual for 9th-century crews to sail thousands of miles on the Indian Ocean. In the 1st millennium, Mesoamerica displayed an astonishing variety of apparent cultural influences from such countries as India, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Java, and China. In North America, a 1.75-inch-diameter medallion was found 2 feet beneath the surface on the Lake Superior island of Isle Royale in 1928.

One side shows a Buddha figure seated in the entrance of a pyramid-temple or stupa flanked by palm trees and in front of a congregation. The other side shows a lion holding a scimitar in its right, extended paw at the centre of a heart with a wishbone, surrounded by a difficult-to-decipher Asian script. The object is thought to have been manufactured around 750-1300 AD. 4.6 The Michigan medallion. Similarities between the religious and philosophical ideas of different cultures do not necessarily point to direct contact, but sometimes the similarities are so specific that it seems the only explanation. For instance, in the mythology of the Sioux Indians, the world goes through four phases depicted as a buffalo standing first on four legs, then three, then two, then one.

The buffalo also undergoes colour changes, the last of which is black. This is remarkably similar to the Hindu theory of four ages or yugas, represented as a bull standing on four, three, two, and finally one leg. The final age in Hindu mythology is called kali-yuga – the dark or black age.

The highly developed Bahia culture of coastal Ecuador, which arose around 500 BC, shows Asian influences. Evidence includes ceramic neck rests, small model houses with un-American-looking saddle roofs, panpipes graduated from both sides to the centre, rather than from one side to the other as in the rest of South America, and figurines seated so that the right foot rests on the left knee, a posture commonly found in depictions of the Buddha. The blowgun is found in the Americas and Southeast Asia, but it does not seem to have developed independently in the two areas. The split-and-grooved blowgun is found in Malaysia, northern Borneo, and western Luzon in the Philippines. The same weapon was used by the Houma of Louisiana, natives in the upper Amazon, and the indigenous people near Barranquilla in Colombia. The hemispherical mouthpiece is common in America and is also used in Malaysia. Indonesian and South American blowgun hunters obtain their poison from different trees, but tap them in the same way and call them by similar names.

Both Malaysian and Amazonian hunters use salt and lime juice as antidotes to poison despite the lack of evidence that either actually works. Another cultural complex found in both Southeast Asia and South America is the making of bark cloth. It is a highly intricate process involving 121 steps, of which 92 are the same in the Old World and New World.

Of those 92, 42 do not depend on the prior step and are carried out in an arbitrary sequence, yet they are done in the same order in both areas. That such a coincidence could arise from independent invention is outside the realm of chance. References Huyghe, Columbus Was Last, pp. Chinese, 1421: The year China discovered the world, London: Bantam Press, 2002. Columbus Was Last, pp. 36-45., Secret Voyages to the New World, pp.

Beneath The Pyramids Andrew Collins Pdf Files

Columbus Was Last, pp. Secret Voyages to the New World, pp. Little, Van Auken & Little, Mound Builders, p. Columbus Was Last, pp. Japanese Columbus Was Last, pp. Edward Moreno, www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2010/2/5/chris-you-were-late. David Lee, The Jomon, Japan-Valdivia, Ecuador Case, 2/Oct12.pdf., Voyages of the Pyramid Builders, p.

Polynesians/Oceania Sorenson and Johannessen, ‘’, pp. 12, 116-18; Columbus Was Last, pp. 109-10.; W.R. Corliss, Science Frontiers, no.

159, 2005, pp. Corliss (comp.), Archeological Anomalies: Small artifacts, Glen Arm, MD:, 2003, pp. Hyatt Verrill, Old Civilizations of the New World, New York: New Home Library, 1942 (1929), pp. 12-13; www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546589/Siriono. Flora and fauna ‘’, pp.

42-3, 199-200; Columbus Was Last, pp. John Gallagher, ‘An old map and some chicken bones terrify archaeologists’, in Joseph (ed.), Unearthing Ancient America, pp.

13-14, 165-72; Voyages of the Pyramid Builders, pp. 15-16, 59-60, 64-6, 211, 213. 26, 124, 143-5.

Other Asian influences H.P. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, TUP, 1977 (1888), 2:214, 628. Columbus Was Last, pp. Frank Joseph, ‘Medallion puts Buddhists in Michigan a thousand years ago’, in Unearthing Ancient America, pp. Harris (ed.), Theosophical Encyclopedia, Quezon City, Philippines: Theosophical Publishing House, 2006, p. Voyages of the Pyramid Builders, pp. The Olmecs and the Maya Olmecs Until the 1930s the Maya were thought to be the oldest civilization in Mesoamerica, but nowadays the Olmecs are believed to be the mother culture.

The classical period for the Olmecs is said to be 1200 to 400 BC, but early Olmec artefacts date back to at least 1800 BC, and the earliest precursors of the Olmec style of art are observable 4000 years ago. The Olmecs went into decline around 400 BC, and were succeeded by the Epi-Olmecs, Zapotecs, Mixtecs, Maya, Toltecs, and Aztecs, who occupied many of the same sites. 17 colossal heads carved from single pieces of basalt have been found at four Olmec sites and are assumed to have been made by the Olmecs. The Olmecs also built city-temple complexes, pyramids, and sophisticated drainage systems. They invented the number, calendrical, and writing systems later refined by the Maya, and are credited with creating the ball game that played a significant role in all Mesoamerican civilizations, and which is now known to have profound astronomical and mythological meanings.

‘Olmec’ means ‘rubber people’ in the Aztec language, and is a reference to the rubber trees growing in the Olmec core area; the Olmecs are credited with discovering how to make rubber balls. The Olmecs also practised human sacrifice, and this bloodthirsty tradition was passed on to later Mesoamerican cultures, reaching its apex with the Aztecs. 5.1 The Olmec heartland was located in the Mexican states of southern Veracruz and Tabasco on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. But the Olmecs’ cultural influence extended over large areas of Central America, from Guatemala and El Salvador to Nicaragua, Costa Rica and beyond. The isthmus provides the shortest overland trade route between Atlantic and Pacific ports, and since transoceanic trade seems to have been very extensive for millennia, the Olmec homeland may have been a cosmopolitan centre where worldwide cultures intermingled. Olmec art and artefacts feature people with Negroid, Oriental, and European features, but orthodox academics insist that this is not evidence of ancient pre-Columbian explorers and traders. In fact, they believe it is ‘racist’ and ‘insulting’ to suggest that Central Americans were influenced by other cultures.

Apparently it is not ‘racist’ and ‘insulting’ to insist that ancient cultures were incapable of transoceanic travel! 5.2 Monument number 13, originally from La Venta, shows a bearded man wearing a turban who looks more like a Phoenician than a Mexican. The turned-up shoes he is wearing were worn in three Mediterranean civilizations: Etruscan, Hittite, and Phoenician. The native peoples of Central America were incapable of growing substantial facial hair. The famous basalt heads range in height from 1.5 to 3.4 m and weigh up to 50 tonnes.

How they were carved out of such hard rock and transported over 80 km to their final destinations is unknown. Modern attempts to move similar rocks over land with the technology thought to have been available to the Olmecs failed even over quite short distances. And attempts to move such rocks over water failed because the rafts and boats sank. The sculptures have broad faces, wide cheeks, thick lips, flattened noses, braided hair, a distinctive scowl, and are wearing helmets. They once stood in large squares in front of temples and ceremonial platforms and altars.

Some researchers say they look like West Africans. Others note that some heads have the characteristic Asian eyefold.

The statues faced east, looking toward the nearby Atlantic, and Africa. It is thought they might represent gods, revered ancestors, or priest-kings dressed for the ritual ball game.

5.3 ‘Olmec’ basalt heads. Smaller, terracotta statues that also seem to represent black Africans have been found at various sites, belonging not just to the Olmecs but also to other early Mexican cultures. A study of 98 skeletons showed that 13.5% could be compared to the skeletons of African peoples. An examination of 25 skeletons from a much later Olmec cemetery indicated that only 4.5% bore African traits, suggesting that the African influence had declined in the meantime. The evidence implies transoceanic contact between Africa and the Gulf of Mexico between about 1200 and 400 BC. Some researchers believe that black Africans arrived in Mexico from Egypt, and that the heads may represent Nubian kings, who ruled Egypt around 751-656 BC.

5.6 Oriental-looking statue known as ‘the wrestler’ from Uxpanapan, Veracruz. There appears to be a strong link between the Olmecs and the Shang civilization of China (1600-1046 BC). The similarities include their writing styles, the use of jade, the use of batons as symbols of rank, their settlement patterns and architectural styles, the possession of feline deities, and the use of cranial deformation (head-flattening). The artificial deformation of infants’ heads was also practised by the Maya, the Aztecs, the ancient Peruvians, the Flathead Indians, the ancient Egyptians, the Easter Islanders, the Cro-Magnon Aurignacian culture, the Basques, and the Indians of the Antilles. The practice was used to denote elite status, to emphasize ethnic differences, or for religious, magical, or aesthetic purposes.

Some Olmec hieroglyphs look very like Chinese characters. One Chinese language scholar has argued that the Olmecs used the early Shang oracle script for a time, which later evolved into the Epi-Olmec script and possibly the Mayan script. Others argue that the Olmec script was brought from western Africa or developed locally.

5.8 Olmec art includes frowning babies with no genitals who look like Chinese eunuchs. Shang admirals and ambassadors were often eunuchs. An artefact measuring 8 by 14 cm, comprising an ingenious mosaic of 325 pyrite tiles, was found at the 3000-year-old Olmec site of Las Bocas in Mexico. It is through to represent either a lunar or Venus calendar. Cruder mosaics are known from later Olmec history and also from China’s Shang dynasty.

The Olmecs often depicted human heads with a V-shaped cleft in the top of their heads. This may symbolize the crown chakra (linked to the pineal gland) – one of the main points where energies from subtler levels of our being enter the physical body. John Major Jenkins says that it symbolizes a portal to another realm, a birthplace, and – astronomically – the dark rift, a cleft-like feature in the Milky Way near one of the points where it crosses the ecliptic, close to the direction of the galactic centre. The cleft-head motif is also found in Chinese art. 5.10 Left: Olmec cleft-head motif (900-600 BC). Right: Ancient Chinese cleft-head motif (4000 BC). In modern images of the Buddha the crown chakra and its radiance are sometimes represented by a protuberance (ushnisha) at the top of the head.

Both the cleft and protuberance can be seen in the above figures. The stones balls discovered in Costa Rica are another intriguing mystery associated with what was once Olmec territory. There are several hundred such balls, ranging from a few centimetres to 2.15 metres in diameter. Nearly all of them are made of granodiorite, a very hard, igneous stone.

The balls were cut, trimmed and then polished. The largest balls, which weigh about 15 tonnes, show the finest craftsmanship. The official view is that they were all made with primitive tools, beginning no earlier than 200 BC. Their true purpose and origin are unknown.

5.11 Stone ball, Costa Rica. Maya The voyage led by Tzu Fu that left China in 219 BC resulted in the establishment of a Chinese colony in Mexico. A new artistic style – the Izapan style – emerged in southern Mexico in the period 300-100 BC, characterized by an abundance of intricate, Chinese-looking scrollwork. Gunnar Thompson reports that a remarkable concentration of ancient Chinese-Taoist symbolism has been found in this region, along with Chinese Kangi writing, Chinese ceramic toys and headrests, Chinese pottery, Chinese jade coins, and sculpted faces of Chinese mariners. Genetic research has revealed a high concentration of Chinese genetic traits among the indigenous population in this area. Izapa stela 5 – the Festival Monument – is a 1.5-ton slab of andesite carved with metal tools, which has been assigned a date of 300-400 BC.

It depicts more than a dozen symbols and motifs that are distinctly Asian. Patrick Huyghe writes: There is a Taoist teacher with his pointed hat, a Taoist pupil, two fishes (which represented matrimonial harmony in China), the serpent/turtle motif, the rain cloud symbol, a plumed bird with life-force scrolls, a chinless deity with scroll-shaped eyes, a roaring tiger, a parasol, a sacred Buddhist ceiba tree, a peaked scroll cloud, a yin-yang symbol, and the power of heaven motif. 5.17 Christian motifs common in ancient Europe (top) are similar to motifs at Comalcalco (bottom). David Eccott has argued that the technology and perhaps the expertise behind the brick-making at Comalcalco could be part of a tradition stretching back thousands of years.

He believes that some of the signs represent a form of ancient script familiar to Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley culture of northern India around 3000 BC. It is thought to have gradually spread eastwards to China, Sumatra, Easter Island (rongorongo script), and finally Peru, Panama, and Mexico. Examples of the Indus Valley script have been identified both at Comalcalco and on the adobe bricks used to construct the pyramids at Las Ventanas in northwest Peru, dated to between 300 BC and 880 AD.

The Indian Satavahana dynasty (c. 200 BC - 200 AD) is known to have had extensive trade connections with Rome. 5.19 The Calixtlahuaca head. This terracotta head, with its moustache and neatly trimmed beard, was excavated from an undisturbed ancient grave sealed under the Calixtlahuaca pyramid, 35 miles southwest of Mexico City, in 1933. Several experts believe it to be Roman and to date from the 2nd century AD, but it is officially classified as ‘colonial’. Temple I at Tikal, Guatemala, is a classic example of a Mayan pyramid, with its stepped profile, single narrow staircase, and small but massively built temple at the top.

The same features are found in the stepped temples in and around Angkor Wat in Cambodia. Mayan pyramids were built around a solid substructure, as were the Buddhist stupas of India, such as those at Sanchi and the stepped temples of Cambodia. Long, narrow corridors and corbelled arches are found in both Mayan pyramids and Southeast Asian temples. 5.23 Top: Stela B – the Elephant Stela. Bottom: There used to be mahouts or drivers sitting on the elephants’ heads.

The board game known as patolli was widely played in Mesoamerica, including by the Teotihuacanos, Toltecs and Aztecs. It resembles the game of pachisi, which was been popular in India from Vedic times until today. Similarities include the board’s cruciform shape, the sequence of moves, and the cosmic associations of the pieces and moves. The game appeared in Mesoamerica around the 7th or 8th century AD and continued to be played until colonial times.

5.25 Modern pachisi board game in India. The small animal figures on wheels found in Mesoamerica, mostly dating to the middle to second half of 1st millennium AD, are very similar to the wheeled ‘toys’ found in India, whose history extends from the Vedic civilization of the 1st millennium BC to the present century. Originally, the miniature vehicles/animal figures may have had a religious function. Among the Hindus the oxcart was sacred because it contained the sacred seed (rice) and served as an altar. The ‘toys’ are found in regions of Mesoamerica which display a concentration of other elements of Indian culture, including the patolli board game.